How we recovered €2.3bn in Paris grants missing from the Open Data portal

Across the last seven published fiscal years of the Paris Administrative Account (CA) — the annual accounting snapshot of executed spending — the grants paid in 2020 and 2021 cannot be found in the file the City exposes on its Open Data portal. Not a marginal gap: €2.3 billion, 26,115 beneficiaries — half of what is missing across these two years.

This article describes how the data was reconstituted in a few hours, with no privileged access, no FOIA-style request, no language-model call, starting from an official annex mandated by public-accounting standards. It works equally well as a methodological account — useful to any public-sector data team that would like to fill that kind of gap — and as a description of the state of the Open Data Paris portal at the time of the analysis.

Starting observation

The portal opendata.paris.fr publishes a central dataset: subventions-versees-annexe-compte-administratif-a-partir-de-2018. It is supposed to contain, for every fiscal year since 2018, the list of grants paid by the City. A direct query on this dataset returns this, year by year:

At first glance, 2020 and 2021 are there. The total is there. Except that on a row-by-row inspection, the names of the largest beneficiaries are replaced with null. The 18 largest payments of fiscal 2020 — including a €382M line, an €87M line, an €83M line — come back from the public API like this:

{
  "publication": "CA 2020",
  "nom_de_l_organisme_beneficiaire": null,
  "categorie_du_beneficiaire": null,
  "nature_juridique_du_beneficiaire": null,
  "montant_de_la_subvention": 382374840
}

The exact sum is exposed. The beneficiary is masked. A journalist who wants to know who received €382M from the Ville de Paris in 2020 cannot answer that question with what the portal exposes.

Why the question matters

The usefulness of a grants file is not in the total — which appears in the financial report — but in the list of beneficiaries. That is what allows a citizen or journalist to:

• check the multi-year trajectory of an operator (Centre d'Action Sociale, Paris Habitat, AP-HP)
• compare concentration of funding (what share goes to the top 10?)
• detect an atypical evolution (a grant that doubles, that stops)
• track the local non-profit ecosystem beyond press releases

Without the (name, amount) pair, none of these readings is possible. The portal therefore exposes, for 2020-2021, legible aggregates that cannot be audited at the beneficiary level.

The data exists — in a PDF

Annex B8.1.1 of the Administrative Account, titled "List of grants in kind or in subsidies attributed to third parties", is mandated by the M57 accounting standard. It is published every year in Tome 3 of the CA, in PDF, on paris.fr. It contains, sub-section by sub-section (Associations, Companies, Foundations, Municipalities, Public bodies, State, Régies), the exhaustive named list of beneficiaries, with cash and in-kind amounts.

For 2020, the administrative account runs to a financial report and five tomes, 1,671 pages of figures and annexes; Tome 3 is the list itself, 404 pages of names and amounts. For 2021, five tomes and 1,667 pages, the list being Tome 3, 417 pages. Those two tomes contain the names that do not appear in the portal API. The total announced on page one is:

• CA 2020: €1,335,350,692 (Section Grand Total)
• CA 2021: €1,258,079,952

Those are the figures a fully exhaustive OpenData file should have exposed.

The method — three steps, zero LLM, about two hours

The extraction was done with three standard tools:

1. Download and text conversion

curl -sLo ca_2020_tome3.pdf "https://cdn.paris.fr/paris/2021/06/29/6af66b077794b1079d192c1d50df98f4.pdf"
pdftotext -layout ca_2020_tome3.pdf ca_2020_tome3.txt

pdftotext -layout (poppler utility, open source, present in every Linux distribution and installable in one command on macOS) preserves the tabular alignment in columns. The raw format looks like this:

                                LIST OF GRANTS IN KIND OR IN SUBSIDIES ATTRIBUTED TO THIRD PARTIES
                                                Amount of fund / subsidy
                  Beneficiary name                                                          In-kind benefits
                                                            (cash)
                  GRAND TOTAL                                                  1 335 350 692,31
Associations                                                                       266 180 470,20
ABC PUERICULTURE                                                                     6 944 575,10   79620
ACADEMIE D ARMES DE FRANCE                                                               2 313,00
...

2. Python regex parser (~250 lines)

The parser (parse_subv_pdf_text.py in the pipeline):

• detects the real start of the section (string "LISTE DES CONCOURS ATTRIBUES A DES TIERS EN NATURE OU EN SUBVENTIONS") and the stop before the next section (B8.1.2 or B8.3);
• tracks sub-sections (Associations / Companies / Foundations / Municipalities / Public bodies / State / Régies / Other) to assign the correct legal nature to each beneficiary;
• extracts triplets (name, cash_amount, in_kind_amount) line by line via a tabular regex;
• excludes "TOTAL XXX" lines (which look like beneficiaries but are sub-totals);
• deduplicates by normalised name.

3. Validation by the official total

Precision is measured simply: the first page of the PDF announces the section's "GRAND TOTAL". Compared to the sum of extracted amounts:

Gap below 1 %. It comes from imperfect parsing of a few multi-line labels (a name spread across two lines may produce two partial entries, counted twice). No analytical impact: the top beneficiaries are nominally recognised with their exact amount.

4. GDPR anonymisation of natural persons

The PDF exposes 15,244 natural persons in 2020 and 4,342 in 2021 — typically individual allowances, scholarships, housing aids, amounts between €200 and €500. The pipeline aggregates them into one anonymous line per year ("Personnes physiques anonymisées RGPD") to preserve the total without exposing identities.

What we recover

Top beneficiaries missing from the public portal

The six heaviest lines — €1.2bn over two years, half the gap — are:

None of these six lines appeared in the named-beneficiaries list of the Open Data portal before this reconstitution. They are now visible in the corresponding association page on /en/france/paris/subventions for 2020 and 2021.

What this reconstitution shows

Open data is a production chain. When an Open Data dataset exposes an aggregated total without the named beneficiaries that compose it, its use becomes that of an accounting summary rather than an analytical file — a journalist or a citizen can no longer link an amount to a recipient. It is a usage distinction, which determines what the published data actually allows people to do.

The data existed for these two years — the City published it itself, in PDF, in an official annex mandated by the General Code of Local Authorities (article L. 2313-1). What was missing was the last mile: turning that PDF into exploitable CSV/JSON, and pushing it to the portal.

This last mile is technically modest. The work — download, pdftotext conversion, 250-line regex parser, merge with the existing dataset, recompute totals, GDPR anonymisation of natural persons — was executed in a few hours by a single person, from public files only.

For the City, doing it in-house would mean automating this script in the annual CA publication pipeline, alongside the PDF edit itself. The marginal cost is negligible. The benefit: 26,000 beneficiaries become nominally consultable again — the raw material for any serious analysis of Paris public spending.

What these numbers do not say

This methodical account does not say:

• Why the publication chain anonymised the largest beneficiaries for 2020 and 2021. Possible hypotheses: the switch from the M14 to the M57 accounting standard over the same period, pandemic-era constraints on publication processes, or an editorial decision that no public trace documents. Without official communication, it remains open.
• The precise purpose of each reconstituted grant. The B8.1.1 PDF gives the beneficiary and the aggregated annual amount — not the individual motive (operating grant, project, equipment). That detail exists for associations in another dataset (subventions-associations-votees), absent for the large operators (CASVP, public bodies).
• Whether the mechanism applies as-is to other municipalities. The B8.1.1 annex is mandated by M57, hence present everywhere — but the PDF format varies between municipalities. The parser here is calibrated for the Ville de Paris format.

What it does say, in a sentence: the data existed, in an official annex, but not in the directly exploitable format of the portal — and the work to bring it into CSV/JSON is within reach of a public-sector data team with a workstation, pdftotext, and a few hours of parsing.

Sources: Comptes Administratifs Ville de Paris, Tome 3 — annex B8.1.1 (CA 2020 and CA 2021) · Open Data Paris portal (opendata.paris.fr) — dataset subventions-versees-annexe-compte-administratif-a-partir-de-2018, queries via the public ODSQL API · open-public-data pipeline: extraction pipeline/scripts/tools/parse_subv_pdf_text.py, BigQuery load pipeline/scripts/sync/sync_pdf_subventions_b811.py, merge with OpenData in pipeline/models/staging/stg_subventions_all.sql. Scope: Ville de Paris, fiscal years 2020 and 2021. Derived data under ODbL 1.0, the licence of the Paris Open Data source; see /en/license.